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Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Parton distribution functions describe the momentum distribution of partons in hadrons. Hadrons are made up of partons, that is, quarks and gluons. How exactly partons make up hadrons is still unclear to us because of color confinement. The precise answer to this question cannot be resolved unless we find some way of resolving nonperturbative problems in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). However, if the hadron momentum is nearly infinite, this problem simplifies seriously. The partons can be regarded as free non-interacting particles. We only need to know the 1-dimensional momentum distribution of them for the sake of describing the hadrons. Such functions are called parton distribution functions.