This study investigates the relationship between organizational resources and firm performance, emphasizing the moderating role of ownership concentration. Drawing on theories like Resource-Based View (RBV), Dynamic Capabilities Theory, Agency Theory, and Stakeholder Theory, the research explores how tangible, intangible, and human resources impact firm outcomes. The study focuses on firms listed in Pakistan's All Share Islamic Index, addressing a gap in the literature regarding resource-performance relationships in emerging economies. Key objectives include examining the effects of different resource types on performance and determining how ownership concentration influences this relationship. The findings aim to provide insights for management decision-making, resource allocation, and shareholder engagement, highlighting critical drivers of competitive advantage. Empirical results contribute to theoretical frameworks like RBV and inform policy tools to enhance firm performance. By linking organizational resources to firm success, the study underscores the importance of strategic resource management in achieving sustainable growth and competitive differentiation.
